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Old French (''franceis'', ''françois'', ''romanz''; Modern French フランス語:''ancien français'') was the Gallo-Romance dialect continuum spoken from the 9th century to the 14th century. In the 14th century, these dialects came to be collectively known as the ''langues d'oïl'', contrasting with the ''langues d'oc'' or "Occitan" languages in the south of France. The mid-14th century is taken as the transitional period to Middle French, the language of the French Renaissance, specifically based on the dialect of the Île-de-France region. The territory where Old French was spoken natively roughly extended to the historical Kingdom of France and its vassals (including parts of the Angevin Empire which during the 12th century remained under Anglo-Norman rule), and Burgundy, Lorraine and Savoy to the east (corresponding to modern north-central France, Belgian Wallonia, western Switzerland and northwestern Italy) but the influence of Old French was much wider, as it was carried to England, Sicily and the Crusader states as the language of a feudal elite and of commerce (the term ''lingua franca'' indeed derives from the name of the French language, even though the Romance-based pidgin so identified was substantially based on Occitan and Italian). ==Areal and dialectal divisions== The areal of Old French in contemporary terms corresponded to the northern parts of the Kingdom of France (including Anjou and Normandy, which in the 12th century were ruled by the Plantagenet kings of England), Upper Burgundy and the duchy of Lorraine. The Norman dialect was also spread to England and Ireland, and during the crusades, Old French was also spoken in the Kingdom of Sicily, and in the Principality of Antioch and the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the Levant. As part of the emerging Gallo-Romance dialect continuum, the ''langues d'oïl'' were contrasted with the ''langue d'oc'' (the emerging Occitano-Romance group, at the time also called Provençal, adjacent to the Old French areal in the south-west, and with the Gallo-Italic ("Old Italian") group to the south-east. The Franco-Provençal group developed in Upper Burgundy, sharing features with both French and Provençal; it may have begun to diverge from the ''langues d'oïl'' as early as the 9th century, and is attested as distinct variant of French from the 12th century. Dialects or variants of Old French included: *the Burgundian of Burgundy, then an independent duchy whose capital was at Dijon; *the Picard language of Picardy, whose principal cities were Calais and Lille. It was said that the Picard language began at the east door of Notre-Dame de Paris, so far-reaching was its influence; *Old Norman, spoken in Normandy, whose principal cities were Caen and Rouen. The Norman conquest of England brought many Norman-speaking aristocrats into the British Isles. Most of the older Norman (sometimes called "French") words in the English language reflect the influence of this variety of Oïl language which became a conduit for the introduction into the Anglo-Norman realm, as did Anglo-Norman control of Anjou and Gascony and other continental possessions. The Anglo-Norman language reflected a shared culture on both sides of the English Channel.〔Lusignan, Serge. ''La langue des rois au Moyen Âge: Le français en France et en Angleterre''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2004.〕 Ultimately, this language declined and fell, becoming Law French, a jargon spoken by lawyers, which was used in English law until the reign of Charles II. Norman, however, still survives in Normandy and the Channel Islands as a regional language; *the Walloon language, centered around Namur in present-day Wallonia; *the Gallo language of Brittany, the Romance language of the Duchy of Brittany; *the Lorrain, the Romance language of the Duchy of Lorraine. Modern languages derived from Old French dialects other than the Classical French based on the Ile de France dialect include: Angevin, Berrichon, Bourguignon-Morvandiau, Champenois, Franc-Comtois, Gallo, Lorrain, Norman, Picard, Poitevin, Saintongeais, Walloon. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Old French」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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